Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Relief in Australia

Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Relief in Australia

Expert Insights on Acupuncture for Managing Postoperative Pain by MCR Therapies, Acupuncture & Rehabilitation Specialist
Serving individuals interested in acupuncture throughout the UK for over 19 years.
MCR Therapies provides valuable information regarding the role of acupuncture in addressing postoperative pain within the UK healthcare system.

Uncover the Vital Role of Acupuncture in the UK Healthcare System

Discover Acupuncture: An Ancient Healing Practice with Modern Applications

Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain: A serene acupuncture session with needles on a patient's back, surrounded by traditional Chinese medicine symbols.

Acupuncture is a time-honoured practice that has been embraced for centuries, originating from traditional Chinese medicine. This method involves the meticulous insertion of ultra-fine needles into designated areas of the body, known as acupuncture points. The primary aim of this ancient art is to alleviate pain, enhance overall health, and restore balance throughout the body’s systems. Recently, the practice of acupuncture has witnessed a surge in popularity across the UK healthcare system, being increasingly recognised as a valuable complementary option to conventional medical treatments. Many individuals are now turning to acupuncture for relief from chronic conditions, particularly postoperative pain, which can often be severe and challenging to manage with standard medical interventions alone. By adopting a holistic approach, acupuncture not only targets physical discomfort but also addresses the emotional aspects of recovery, which are crucial for successful healing.

As healthcare practitioners in the UK progressively acknowledge the extensive advantages of acupuncture, its incorporation into various treatment plans, especially in the domain of pain management, is becoming increasingly common. This shift signifies the growing acceptance of alternative therapies within the conventional healthcare paradigm, underscoring the importance of patient-centred care in the modern medical arena. Consequently, acupuncture is emerging as an essential part of postoperative recovery, providing patients with a non-pharmacological option to support their healing journey. The expanding use of acupuncture in the UK serves as a testament to its effectiveness and the growing body of research supporting its role in alleviating postoperative pain.

Tracing the Evolution of Acupuncture’s Presence in the UK

Acupuncture has a profound and rich history in the UK, with its roots tracing back over 200 years. The practice was first introduced to Britain by Chinese immigrants who brought along their cultural traditions, igniting a fascination with traditional Chinese medicine. By the mid-20th century, acupuncture began to gain traction within the British healthcare community as practitioners explored its therapeutic advantages. The 1970s marked a significant turning point when acupuncture achieved formal recognition in the UK, paving the way for increased research and greater acceptance among healthcare professionals.

As acupuncture continued to evolve, it garnered attention from both patients and practitioners seeking alternative solutions for a variety of health concerns, including postoperative pain. The growing evidence from clinical trials and personal testimonies has solidified acupuncture’s role in contemporary healthcare, showcasing its effectiveness in pain relief and overall recovery. Today, acupuncture is not merely viewed as an adjunct treatment; it is embraced as a fundamental component of a holistic healthcare strategy, particularly in the context of postoperative rehabilitation.

Understanding the Regulatory Landscape for Acupuncture in the UK

In the UK, multiple authoritative organisations oversee the practice of acupuncture, ensuring that practitioners maintain high standards of care. The British Acupuncture Council (BAcC) serves as a leading body dedicated to establishing professional standards and promoting safe practices among acupuncturists. They offer a comprehensive framework for training and certification, ensuring that only qualified practitioners deliver acupuncture services. Additionally, the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) supervises various health professions, including acupuncture, ensuring that practitioners meet ethical and professional standards.

These regulatory bodies are instrumental in fostering trust and ensuring safety within the acupuncture profession. They provide guidelines for ethical conduct, ensuring that practitioners obtain informed consent and maintain open communication with patients throughout their treatment journey. The existence of such regulatory frameworks enhances the credibility of acupuncture within the UK healthcare system, assuring patients that they are receiving safe and effective treatments for conditions like postoperative pain. As a result, patients can confidently pursue acupuncture, knowing they are under the care of qualified professionals committed to their health and well-being.

Incorporating Acupuncture into the UK Healthcare Framework

A diverse group of patients receiving acupuncture in a serene UK hospital room, part of NHS pain management.

The integration of acupuncture within the UK healthcare system has been a gradual yet significant progression. Both the NHS and private healthcare sectors are increasingly incorporating acupuncture into their pain management strategies, particularly for postoperative care. This shift reflects a growing awareness of acupuncture’s potential to enhance patient outcomes and speed up recovery times. Numerous NHS trusts are now including acupuncture in their pain management programmes, allowing patients to benefit from this invaluable service without additional costs.

As hospitals and clinics begin to provide acupuncture services, patients are becoming more receptive to this holistic approach to pain relief. Feedback from patients indicates high satisfaction levels, with many attributing their improved recovery experiences to the inclusion of acupuncture in their postoperative care routines. This rising acceptance is further reinforced by various studies demonstrating the effectiveness of acupuncture in alleviating pain and discomfort following surgery, establishing it as a highly regarded option for both patients and healthcare professionals. The ongoing integration of acupuncture into mainstream healthcare signals a shift towards more comprehensive and holistic patient care in the UK.

Exploring How Acupuncture Effectively Relieves Postoperative Pain

Understanding the Physiological Mechanisms of Acupuncture in Pain Relief

Acupuncture alleviates postoperative pain through various physiological mechanisms. When needles are strategically inserted into specific acupuncture points, they stimulate the nervous system, triggering the release of endogenous opioids and other natural pain-relieving substances within the body. This biochemical response not only reduces pain but also fosters a sensation of relaxation and well-being, both of which are essential for effective recovery. The stimulation provided by acupuncture needles can also alter pain signals at both the spinal cord and brain levels, effectively changing the perception of pain.

Moreover, acupuncture excels at addressing inflammation, a common factor contributing to postoperative discomfort. By enhancing local blood flow and facilitating tissue healing, acupuncture accelerates the recovery process. This dual action of pain relief and inflammation reduction makes acupuncture an attractive option for patients recovering from surgery, as it tackles both immediate discomfort and the underlying causes of pain. Within the UK healthcare system, these mechanisms are increasingly acknowledged as critical elements of comprehensive postoperative pain management strategies, ultimately improving overall patient outcomes.

Showcasing Clinical Evidence Supporting Acupuncture’s Effectiveness in the UK

A serene UK hospital room with diverse post-surgery patients receiving acupuncture, surrounded by clinical evidence of its efficacy.

A plethora of clinical studies conducted within UK hospitals has provided compelling evidence supporting the efficacy of acupuncture in alleviating postoperative pain. Research findings indicate that patients receiving acupuncture after surgery frequently report significantly lower pain levels compared to those who do not undergo this treatment. These results highlight acupuncture’s ability to lessen reliance on traditional pain medications, which often come with adverse side effects and prolonged recovery durations.

One notable study investigated patients undergoing elective surgeries, revealing that those managed with acupuncture reported a marked decrease in pain scores and a quicker return to their baseline activities. Such outcomes have encouraged healthcare professionals to consider acupuncture as an essential adjunct to conventional pain management protocols. As the body of research expands, the integration of acupuncture into postoperative care plans is increasingly seen not only as a patient preference but also as a practice substantiated by clinical evidence, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care tailored to their unique needs.

What Experiences Do Patients Have When Using Acupuncture in UK Hospitals?

Patient experiences with acupuncture for postoperative pain management in UK hospitals have been overwhelmingly positive. Many individuals report a significant reduction in pain and an enhanced sense of well-being following treatment. This anecdotal evidence complements clinical findings, offering a well-rounded perspective on the benefits of acupuncture in the postoperative theatre. Patients often express appreciation for the holistic nature of acupuncture, which addresses both physical discomfort and the emotional challenges associated with recovery.

In numerous cases, patients have shared testimonials detailing their experiences, emphasising the immediate relief they felt during and after acupuncture sessions. A considerable number have noted that acupuncture not only alleviated their pain but also created a more relaxed state, making the recovery process feel less daunting. The emotional support provided by acupuncture, often described as calming and reassuring, further enhances its appeal. Such testimonials highlight the growing acceptance of acupuncture as a legitimate and effective treatment option within the UK healthcare landscape.

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Postoperative Care

Acupuncture presents a cost-effective alternative for managing postoperative pain, particularly within the framework of the UK’s healthcare system, which increasingly aims to minimise overall healthcare expenditures. By reducing reliance on expensive pain medications, acupuncture can significantly lower healthcare costs while ensuring effective pain management for patients. As the NHS confronts budget constraints and the escalating prices of pharmaceuticals, integrating acupuncture into postoperative care can alleviate some financial pressures associated with traditional pain management strategies.

Furthermore, the enhanced recovery times associated with acupuncture lead to shorter hospital stays, further contributing to cost savings. Patients who benefit from acupuncture typically experience fewer complications and reduced instances of side effects related to pain medications, which can also result in decreased hospitalisation expenses. As healthcare providers continuously seek innovative ways to optimise patient care while managing resources effectively, acupuncture emerges as a practical solution aligning with both patient satisfaction and economic efficiency within the UK healthcare system.

Insights from Experts on Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Management

Guidance from Healthcare Professionals on Acupuncture Treatment

Healthcare professionals in the UK are increasingly endorsing the integration of acupuncture into postoperative care plans, acknowledging its potential to enhance recovery and improve patient outcomes. Based on clinical insights and emerging evidence, experts recommend the following key strategies for healthcare providers considering acupuncture as a component of managing postoperative pain:

  • Conduct thorough assessments of patients to determine their suitability for acupuncture.
  • Incorporate acupuncture as part of multidisciplinary pain management strategies.
  • Educate patients about the benefits and expected outcomes of acupuncture treatment.
  • Collaborate with certified acupuncturists to ensure safe practices and effective treatment plans.
  • Monitor patient progress and adjust treatment protocols based on individual responses.
  • Encourage open communication between patients and healthcare providers regarding their experiences with acupuncture.
  • Collect and analyse patient feedback to continuously improve acupuncture offerings.
  • Support ongoing research to validate and refine acupuncture practices within postoperative care.

Implementing these recommendations can significantly enhance the effectiveness of postoperative care and promote a more holistic approach to pain management. By fostering collaboration between medical professionals and acupuncturists, the healthcare system can provide patients with more comprehensive support throughout their recovery journey, ultimately leading to improved outcomes.

Establishing Best Practices for Acupuncture Treatment

To maximise the advantages of acupuncture for postoperative pain, practitioners in the UK should adhere to several best practices. These strategies ensure the delivery of safe and effective acupuncture treatments while fostering positive experiences for patients. Key best practices include:

  • Conduct thorough patient assessments prior to initiating treatment.
  • Obtain informed consent, clearly explaining the procedure and its potential benefits.
  • Utilise sterile, single-use needles to maintain safety and hygiene standards.
  • Personalise treatment plans based on individual patient needs and pain profiles.
  • Implement ongoing evaluation and monitoring to assess the effectiveness of treatment.
  • Incorporate patient feedback to refine techniques and approaches.
  • Stay updated with the latest research and advancements in acupuncture practices.
  • Engage in professional development opportunities to enhance skills and knowledge.

By adhering to these best practices, acupuncturists can ensure that their treatments are both safe and effective, resulting in improved patient outcomes and increased satisfaction. A commitment to continuous improvement and adherence to high care standards reinforces the credibility of acupuncture as a legitimate treatment modality within the UK healthcare system.

Highlighting Case Studies Demonstrating Acupuncture’s Efficacy in UK Hospitals

Numerous case studies from UK hospitals exemplify the effectiveness of acupuncture in alleviating postoperative pain and enhancing patient outcomes. In one notable case, a group of patients undergoing knee replacement surgery received acupuncture as part of their postoperative care. The results indicated that participants receiving acupuncture reported a significant decrease in pain levels compared to the control group. This group not only experienced less intense pain but also required fewer pain medications, resulting in a smoother and faster recovery.

Another case study focused on patients recovering from abdominal surgery. In this scenario, acupuncture was introduced to alleviate complications arising from postoperative pain management. The outcomes demonstrated a marked improvement in pain levels and overall recovery, with patients expressing high satisfaction with their treatment. Such case studies validate acupuncture’s role as a valuable addition to postoperative care in UK hospitals, showcasing its effectiveness in enhancing patient outcomes and promoting comprehensive recovery strategies.

Patient Experiences with Acupuncture Following Surgery

Patient testimonials regarding acupuncture for postoperative pain management within UK healthcare settings reveal numerous positive experiences. Many patients have shared personal stories illustrating how acupuncture alleviated their pain and anxiety after surgery. These narratives often highlight the immediate relief felt during acupuncture sessions, with patients describing the treatment as calming and reassuring.

For instance, one patient who underwent hip surgery remarked that acupuncture not only diminished his pain levels but also enhanced his overall well-being, allowing him to engage more fully in his rehabilitation efforts. Another patient recovering from a mastectomy reported significant relief from discomfort following acupuncture sessions, contributing to a more positive recovery experience. These testimonials serve to illustrate the profound impact of acupuncture on patients’ postoperative journeys, reinforcing its value as a complementary treatment option within the UK healthcare system.

Research Findings on Acupuncture’s Role in Pain Management

Recent studies conducted by UK institutions have provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of acupuncture in managing postoperative pain. Research consistently shows that acupuncture can lead to significant reductions in pain levels, enabling patients to rely less on traditional pain medications. For instance, a study conducted at a major London hospital found that patients receiving acupuncture as part of their recovery plan experienced notable improvements in pain management and overall satisfaction.

Additionally, the research highlighted that acupuncture could help alleviate some side effects associated with conventional pain treatments, such as nausea and fatigue. Consequently, patients reported not only lower pain levels but also a more comfortable recovery experience. These findings underscore the growing recognition of acupuncture as a viable option within the broader context of pain management in UK healthcare, encouraging its further integration into standard postoperative care protocols.

Recognising the Comprehensive Benefits of Acupuncture in Postoperative Pain Management

Significantly Reducing Dependency on Medications

One of the most compelling advantages of acupuncture for postoperative pain management is its ability to substantially reduce the need for medication. After surgery, patients often find themselves reliant on opioids and other pain relief medications, which can lead to various adverse side effects, including nausea, constipation, and dependency. By incorporating acupuncture into postoperative care, patients can achieve significant pain relief without the associated risks tied to pharmaceutical treatments.

In the UK, where there are growing concerns surrounding opioid prescriptions and the risk of addiction, acupuncture serves as a valuable alternative. By effectively managing pain through non-pharmacological means, acupuncture mitigates the risks associated with medication while enhancing the overall recovery experience. This approach aligns with the NHS’s commitment to promoting safer prescribing practices and optimising patient care, making acupuncture an increasingly relevant option for individuals recovering from surgery.

How Quickly Can Patients Expect Acupuncture to Take Effect?

Patients often notice the effects of acupuncture for postoperative pain immediately after treatment, with many reporting a discernible reduction in pain levels right after their session. However, the comprehensive benefits of acupuncture typically become evident over several treatments. Many patients in the UK find that within just a few sessions, they experience significant improvements in pain management, allowing them to engage more actively in their recovery process.

This rapid response is particularly beneficial in the context of UK healthcare, where timely recovery is essential. Patients seeking quicker pain relief and a smoother transition back to their daily routines often appreciate the immediate and cumulative benefits of acupuncture. By effectively addressing pain promptly, acupuncture not only enhances patient satisfaction but also contributes to more efficient recovery times, making it a compelling addition to postoperative care protocols.

Facilitating Faster Patient Recovery Times with Acupuncture

Patients in the UK who receive acupuncture as part of their postoperative care frequently report shorter recovery times and an expedited return to their regular activities. By effectively managing pain and addressing discomfort, acupuncture empowers patients to engage more fully in their rehabilitation, leading to quicker recoveries. Research indicates that patients undergoing acupuncture often resume their daily routines sooner than those who rely solely on traditional pain management methods.

The holistic nature of acupuncture supports not only physical healing but also promotes emotional well-being, both of which are crucial for recovery. Patients who experience reduced pain and anxiety are more likely to participate in physical activities that contribute to their healing, such as mobilising and exercising. This interconnected approach to recovery underscores the importance of incorporating acupuncture into standard postoperative care, as it not only accelerates recovery but also enhances patients’ overall quality of life during the healing process.

Boosting Patient Satisfaction Rates Through Acupuncture

Acupuncture is increasingly recognised as a valuable option for postoperative pain management in the UK, often leading to higher patient satisfaction rates. Patients appreciate the holistic approach that acupuncture provides, addressing both physical pain and the emotional distress associated with surgery. Feedback from patients indicates that many find acupuncture sessions to be calming and supportive, significantly enhancing their overall recovery experience.

Moreover, the reduced reliance on medication contributes to a more favourable perception of the recovery process. Patients frequently express appreciation for the opportunity to explore non-pharmacological options for pain management, aligning with their preferences for comprehensive and tailored care. As the healthcare system increasingly emphasises patient-centred approaches, acupuncture stands out as a valuable tool for improving patient satisfaction and fostering holistic recovery practices.

Strategic Approaches for Implementing Acupuncture in Postoperative Pain Management

Identifying Key Acupuncture Points for Effective Pain Relief

Certain acupuncture points are recognised as particularly effective for alleviating postoperative pain, especially within the UK context. Points such as LI4 (Hegu) and SP6 (Sanyinjiao) are frequently employed due to their ability to target specific pain pathways and promote overall healing. Practitioners often discover that stimulating these points can lead to significant pain relief for patients recovering from various surgical procedures.

To effectively identify these acupuncture points, practitioners should follow these actionable steps:

  • Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition and pain profile.
  • Locate LI4, positioned between the thumb and index finger, known for its analgesic effects.
  • Identify SP6, situated just above the ankle, effective for promoting relaxation and pain relief.
  • Incorporate additional points based on individual patient requirements, such as PC6 (Neiguan) for alleviating nausea.
  • Utilise a combination of points to create tailored treatment plans for each patient.
  • Monitor patient responses to determine the most effective points for subsequent sessions.
  • Educate patients about the selected points and their benefits to enhance engagement in the process.
  • Encourage feedback from patients to refine treatment approaches and point selections.

By focusing on these effective acupuncture points, practitioners can optimise treatment outcomes and improve the overall recovery experience for patients.

Strategies for Seamlessly Integrating Acupuncture into Postoperative Care Plans

Incorporating acupuncture into postoperative care plans necessitates a collaborative approach between healthcare providers and acupuncturists. In the UK, this integration can be accomplished through several strategic recommendations. Firstly, healthcare professionals should acknowledge the value of acupuncture and advocate for its inclusion in pain management protocols. This could entail making direct referrals to qualified acupuncturists or integrating acupuncture into existing multidisciplinary pain management teams.

Another critical aspect is educating patients about the benefits of acupuncture and its role in postoperative recovery. By providing patients with information on how acupuncture can alleviate pain and enhance well-being, healthcare providers can foster greater acceptance and interest in this treatment modality. Regular communication between acupuncturists and surgical teams is also essential to ensure that treatment plans are coordinated and adjustments can be made based on patient progress.

Finally, ongoing assessment and evaluation of acupuncture’s effectiveness in individual cases can help refine integration strategies and demonstrate the value of acupuncture in enhancing patient recovery. By committing to collaboration and education, acupuncture can seamlessly become an integral component of comprehensive postoperative care in the UK.

Understanding Training and Certification Standards for UK Practitioners

In the UK, acupuncturists must undertake extensive training and certification to ensure they possess the necessary skills required to safely and effectively treat postoperative pain. This training typically combines traditional acupuncture education with contemporary medical knowledge, equipping practitioners with a thorough understanding of anatomy, physiology, and pain management strategies. The BAcC and other regulatory bodies establish guidelines and standards for training, ensuring that practitioners possess the requisite expertise to deliver high-quality care.

Continuing professional development is also essential for acupuncturists in the UK, enabling them to stay current with the latest research and advancements in acupuncture practices. This ongoing education enhances practitioners’ abilities to adapt their techniques and approaches to meet the evolving needs of patients. By prioritising training and certification, the acupuncture profession in the UK reinforces its commitment to safety and efficacy, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care for postoperative pain management.

Accessing Acupuncture Services Across the UK

Exploring Acupuncture Options within NHS and Private Healthcare Sectors

Acupuncture is accessible through both the NHS and private healthcare sectors in the UK, providing patients with diverse options for managing postoperative pain. While the availability of acupuncture services may differ across regions, many NHS trusts are increasingly incorporating acupuncture into their pain management programmes. This integration reflects a growing acknowledgment of acupuncture’s benefits, allowing patients to receive this treatment without incurring additional costs.

In the private sector, a broad range of acupuncture services is available, offering patients greater flexibility regarding scheduling and treatment options. Many private practitioners specialise in acupuncture for pain management, ensuring that patients receive customised treatment plans tailored to their specific needs. This dual availability of acupuncture services in both NHS and private settings enhances accessibility for patients, facilitating a more holistic approach to postoperative care.

Pathways for Patients to Access Acupuncture Services in the UK

Patients in the UK can access acupuncture services through multiple pathways, depending on their individual circumstances and preferences. One common method is obtaining a referral from their GP, who may recommend acupuncture as part of a comprehensive pain management strategy. Some NHS trusts have begun offering acupuncture directly within their pain management programmes, thus enabling patients to access treatment as part of their postoperative care.

Additionally, patients can seek acupuncture services directly from private practitioners. Many acupuncturists promote their services online, helping patients find qualified professionals in their vicinity. In this scenario, patients should verify the practitioner’s credentials and ensure they are registered with relevant regulatory bodies, such as the BAcC. By exploring these options, patients can easily access acupuncture services, embracing this effective approach to managing postoperative pain.

Assessing Regional Disparities in Access to Acupuncture Services

The availability of acupuncture services for postoperative pain management varies significantly across different regions of the UK. Urban areas generally offer more extensive acupuncture services, with numerous practitioners and clinics available to meet patient needs. Conversely, rural areas may experience limited access to acupuncture, often necessitating patients to seek treatment in larger towns or cities.

As the demand for acupuncture grows, there is an increasing push for equitable access to these services, irrespective of geographical location. Some NHS trusts in remote areas are beginning to incorporate acupuncture into their pain management programmes, acknowledging its value in enhancing patient care. However, disparities still exist, and patients residing in less populated areas may encounter challenges in locating qualified acupuncturists. Efforts are underway to address these regional variations and ensure that all patients have access to effective and holistic pain management options.

Common Inquiries Regarding Acupuncture

What is acupuncture?

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine technique involving the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body, aiming to relieve pain and improve health. It is increasingly recognised as a complementary treatment within the UK healthcare system.

How does acupuncture assist with postoperative pain?

Acupuncture alleviates postoperative pain by stimulating the nervous system, releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals like endorphins, and reducing inflammation. This holistic approach addresses both physical pain and emotional distress during recovery.

Are there clinical studies supporting the effectiveness of acupuncture?

Yes, numerous clinical studies conducted in the UK have demonstrated that acupuncture can significantly reduce postoperative pain levels, leading to lower medication requirements and enhanced recovery experiences for patients.

What do patients think of acupuncture in UK hospitals?

Patient testimonials reveal high satisfaction rates with acupuncture for postoperative pain management, often citing reduced pain levels and an improved sense of well-being following treatment.

Is acupuncture cost-effective for postoperative care?

Acupuncture can be a cost-effective option for managing postoperative pain, as it reduces reliance on expensive pain medications and shortens hospital stays, ultimately benefiting both patients and the healthcare system.

What are experts recommending for acupuncture treatment?

Experts recommend including acupuncture in postoperative care plans, conducting thorough assessments, and collaborating with qualified practitioners to optimise pain management strategies for patients.

How long does it take for acupuncture to work?

Many patients experience immediate relief from acupuncture treatment, with full benefits typically seen within a few sessions. This rapid response is highly valued in UK healthcare settings, particularly in postoperative care.

What are the most effective acupuncture points for pain relief?

Key acupuncture points for postoperative pain relief include LI4 (Hegu) and SP6 (Sanyinjiao), which are commonly used to target specific pain pathways and promote overall healing in patients.

How can patients access acupuncture services?

Patients can access acupuncture services through referrals from their GPs, directly from private practitioners, or through NHS trusts that offer acupuncture as part of their pain management programmes.

Is there a difference in the availability of acupuncture across the UK?

Yes, the availability of acupuncture services for postoperative pain management varies across regions, with urban areas typically providing more comprehensive options compared to rural locations, where access may be limited.

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The Article: Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain: UK Relief Strategies appeared first on https://mcrtherapies.co.uk

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References:

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Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Relief in Australia

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